Urology

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second reason of death from cancer among men.It is rarely seen among young men, but the incidence increases in men above 50 years of age. Every year, 37.000 new cases are diagnosed as prostate cancer in the United Kingdom where there is a male population of 32 millions.

Benign prostate hyperplasia is generally seen in older men without any obvious cause. Prostate hyperplasia causes urethral obstruction, which presents itself as bladder outlet obstruction. So, the patients need more force to overcome this resistance and to empty their bladders.

Renal cancer (renal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma) originates from the tissues inside the parenchyma, which mainly drains blood and produces urine. Approximately 1 million small filters are present in a kidney. Liquid is absorbed by small tubules or excess molecules are excreted inside it and finally urine is produced.

Kidney stones develop through the crystallization of certain materials. Mostly, calcium oxalate stone is observed followed by others: calcium phosphate, uric acid stones and others. Those stones may remain silent in kidney, grow in size or move from kidney to ureters (channels between kidney and bladder).

Bladder cancer originates from tissues of urinary bladder. According to the US database, it is the 6th most common cancer. In the USA, approximetely 70.000 new cases are diagnosed annually and 15.000 patients die because of bladder cancer.

Varicocele is classically defined as an unusual dilatation of venous plexus of testicles usually leading to a loss of testicular function. Clinical presentation is similar to that of calf varices and when testicles are finally affected, it may even lead to infertility.

It is the most important sexual dysfunction among men. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is described as inadequate erection or unability to maintain erection during sexual intercourse. Even a healty man may not succeed the same quality of erection during each sexual intercourse.